| 和文 | 英訳 |
|---|---|
| 捕虜の生活 | Prisoners' life |
| それでは、ロシアの捕虜たちは収容所の中でどういう生活をしていたのだろうか。松山収容所のように豊富な資料もないし、姫路収容所のようなアンセル・アダムス（アメリカの風景写真家）のアルバムも残っていない。やはり、当時収容所に入って観察した新聞記者の報道に頼るほかない。 | Then, what kind of life were the Russian POWs leading inside the camp? We are not really well-equipped to answer that question. The Narashino camp is not like the Matsuyama camp, where achival documentation is abandunt, nor is it like the Himeji camp, which was blessed with the album of photographs taken by Ansel Adams. All we can rely on is the first-hand accounts made by newspaper reporters who actually visited and observed the Narashino camp. |
| 捕虜15,000という人数は、当時の津田沼町（習志野市の前身）の人口が約6,000人、習志野騎兵旅団が総数3,000以下であるからいかに多大なものであったかが分る。現在でいえば、急に大団地が作られたようなものであり、ロシアの大きな町が習志野に移ってきたようなものでもあった。 | Let's try to grasp the idea of how big the number of POWs, 15,000, was felt by the Narashno residents back then. The population of the whole Tsudanuma town (today's Narashino city) was merely about 6,000. The aggregate number of troops that belonged to the Narashino Cavalry Brigades was less than 3,000. Considering those numbers, having 15,000 prisoners was like having a big residence complex constructed overnight. It was felt like having a whole big Russian town transferred. |
| 竹矢来に囲われ、日本兵に監視されていてもこのロシア人の大集団は自立的な生活共同体を営み、ロシア帝国の複雑な社会を投影していたのであった。というのは、25棟を1区とする区が3つあったというが、第一区と第三区は欧露人、第二区にはその他の人種と分れていたのである。第二区ではさらに人種ごとに各棟に分けられていた。ちなみに、捕虜の人種別数は欧露人13,309人、ポーランド人1,025人、タタール人（蒙古系）236人、ユダヤ人215人で、人種ごとの生活習慣は異り、敵視が激しかったようである。そして各棟ごとにロシア兵の最高軍官である軍曹か曹長が取締りを行い、各区ごとに炊事場、洗濯室、遊戯室、酒保、寺院をもち、独立した生活単位をなしていたのである。前述したように、収容所として、伝染病院も備っていたのである。 | It was a large colony of Russians. And, despite the fact that they were merely a captive behind the enclosure of bamboo fence and under Japanese Army's supervision, They led a more or less autonomous life of their own, as an independent Russian community. That is, it was a miniturized version of the Russian Empire. The social classes that were present in the empire were also maintained in the Narashino Russian community. The whole camp was divided into three sections, with each section consisting of 25 barracks. The division was clear; the 1st and the 3rd sections were occupied by Euro-Russians, and the 2nd by other races. Furthermore, within the 2nd section, it was made sure that the same barrack was not shared among different races. Among some 15,000 prisoners, 13,309 were Euro-Russians, 1,025 were Polish, 236 were Tatars, and 215 were Jewish. Those races did not share life styles and customs, and they were pretty hostile to each other. Each barrack was under control of a Russian military officer of the highest rank. Each section was equipped with its own kitchen, laundry, recreation room, celler and shrine. In other words, each section constituted an independent life unit. As described before, the camp even functioned as an isolation hosipital. |
| 食事は当初は日本人が作って配っていたようであるが、4月中旬には区ごとに交代で自炊に移っている。メニューは朝食にパンと麦湯（時々紅茶）、昼食に菜を入れた米飯とスープ、夕食にパンとスープだったようである。副食には豚肉・魚肉・野菜等々で、主食のパンはとうもろこしで作った黒パンで、記者がかじってみるとなかなかの上等だったという。8月頃の記事に次のようなものがある。「△副食として薩摩汁の給与があったところ大喜びで舌鼓を打ち、折にこういう御馳走に預りたいと掛のものに給与を促してゐる△同地の産物の薩摩芋も彼等の好物の1つで、その他真桑瓜の嗜好は驚くばかり。1人数本も食ふも尚飽足らず、掛のものも適度に支給しているそうである。」 | Japanese caretakers cooked and served meals for them at first, but they started to cook their own meals in the middle of April. The cooking duty was rotated among the sections. The menu was bread and wheet-broth (sometimes tea) for breakfast, rice mixed with vegetables and soup for lunch, and bread and soup for dinner, reportedly. Relishes included pork, fish meal and a variety of vegetables. Bread was made from corn, which didn't taste bad according to the reporter who tried it a little. A report from August reads: "One day, Satsuma-jiru was served as a relish, and they all enjoyed it very much. They even started to press the Japanese caretakers for occasional supplies of this delicious cuisine. Sweet potato, which is one of the local specialty of Narashino, is also taken very well. They also love makuwauri (a kind of melon) so much that they would never be satisfied with even two or three whole fruits of makuwauri and would ask for more, which the caretakers provide every now and then." |
| 1日1人当りの食費は、松山収容所で将校50銭、下士卒25銭であった。その頃米1升（1.5キロ）は10銭で町の食堂のカレーライスと同じ値段であった。酒1升（1.8リットル）40銭でアメ玉1文で5つも6つもくれたということである。当初は下士卒で14銭9厘であったが、これは日本兵の食費と同じ値段であったらしい。捕虜の間に不満が出て値上げしたそうである。ちなみに、戦時捕虜だったロシアでの日本人捕虜の食費は1日5銭から9銭だったという。（前掲『日本捕虜誌』）佐倉収容所では将校60銭、下士卒20銭であったというから、習志野では全員20銭であったと思われる。 | The cost of meals per prisoner was 50 sen for officers and 25 sen for common soldiers at the Matsuyama camp. In those days, 1.5 kilos of rice costed 10 sen, which is the same as the price of one serving of curry and rice at local restaurants. 1.8 liter of sake was 40 sen. 1 mon could get you half a dozen of candy balls. At first it was 14 sen 9 rin per person for petty officers, which was the same amount as for Japanese soldiers. It was raised to a higher amount after the prisoners complained about it, reportedly. By the way, the meal cost per person for Japanese POWs detained in Russia during the war was 5 - 9 sen a day, according to the aforementioned "The history of Japanese POWs". How much was it for Russians at the Narashino camp? Well, considering that it was 60 sen for officers and 20 sen for petty officers at the Sakura camp, probably it was 20 sen for all the prisoners at the Narashino camp. |
| また、彼等が酒保で欲しいものを随時買うことができたのは本国からフランス大使館を経由して送られてくる給金があったからである。毎月下士に1円50銭、上等兵1円、兵卒に50銭である。旅順の捕虜には1人15円の恩賜金が送付されたこともあり、ふところ具合が良く羨しがられていたようである。 | Also, they were able to buy whatever they wanted all the time at the canteen thanks to the salaries they received via the French embassy. Monthly salaries of 1 yen 50 sen for petty officers, 1 yen for senior soldiers and 50 sen for common soldiers were paid. Prisoners from Lu Shun were eivied for their financial condition because they were granted with the imberial bounty of 15 yen per person. |
| 衣類は千差万別であったらしいが、我国より給付した浅黄色の服を着ている者が多かったという。1週に1度は入浴し、汚れていなかったという。また、「収容所の衛生は間然ある処なく行届きて、病者も僅に指を屈するに過ぎず。間にある患者は多くの脚気病なりと聞けり。」とある。時には天然痘発生の心配もあったらしいが、1905年9月下旬頃収容所の病院で入院していた者はわずか38名ばかりにすぎなかったようである。服薬人員は9月下旬頃で421人、11月下旬で488人、主なる病気は消化器系病気、外被病、眼病、呼吸器系病気であった。収容所での病没者は最終段階で34名にすぎなかったようである。また、「之等死亡者は、一に丁重な故国の葬式に依って、習志野陸軍墓地に埋葬され、皆永遠の安息に入ったのである。」 | Their clothing were most diversified, although it was reported that the most commonly worn outfit was the pale yellow garment that was supplied by the Japanese. They took a bath once a week and they were not dirty. It was also reported that "The hygine of the camp is thoroughly maintained, and there are only a few who are ill, most of whom are suffering from beriberi." Once there was a fear of outbreak of smallpox, but the final count of in-patients of the camp hospital was only 38 persons as of late September, 1905. The number of patients who were under some medication was 421 in the late September and 488 in the late November. Most common diseases among them were digestive system disorders, integumentary disorders, eye diseases and respiratory system related diseases. Final toll of deaths from illness was merely 34. "These victims were respectfully honored in funeral services in accordance with their respective customs, and buried in the Imperial Army Cemetery of Narashino, where they entered an eternal rest in peace." the report said. |
| 彼等の毎日の生活の中心の1つは、三々五々構内を散歩したり、談話したりすることと遊戯であったらしい。「其遊戯は多くはカルタ、トランプ、ベースボールの類にして余念無く楽しみつつある小供のごとし。中に器用なるものは木竹の片をもて楽器をつくり吹き鳴して遊べるものあり。無邪気にして楽天的なると天涯万里の異域に故国を慕ふ人とも思われぬ程なり。」。のちになると玉突きが盛んで手製の玉突台が1棟ごとに1、2台あって、5人から10人が相対して興じていたという。 | Some of of their central activities in everyday life included having a walk inside the premises in groups of three or four, having a chat with other inmates, and playing games. The report goes: "The games are mainly cards and baseball, which they enjoy like children. Some of them are quite a craftsman and curve a piece of wood or bamboo into a musical instrument. Seeing a prisoner playing such an instrument merrily makes you forget for a moment the fact that the person is far away from home and is missing his fatherland." Later, enthusiasm for billiard caught on fire. Each barrack had a billiad table or two, and usually five to ten persons competed with one another around the table. |
| しかし、中には監視の目を盗んで賭博をし、罰せられる者もあったという。 | There were some who evaded the eyes of the guards to hold gambling sessions. They were punished when found out. |
| また、「俘虜の中に隠芸に巧みなる者あり。慰問者の前にて鳥の鳴き声、犬猫の鳴き声などを真似、その唇を動かさず咽喉にて真似る状、真に迫り、猫も亦三舎を避くべし、又俘虜収容所に来りて自然に習熟したるものと聞きしが、日本語にて何十何円何銭何厘なりと勘定を読み上ぐる風、全く日本人と異ならず。音声頗る明晰にして、聞く者をして感嘆措く能わしむ。」 | The article also mentions some prisoners who "are quite good at parlor tricks. One of them entertains visitors by mimicking sounds of a cat or a dog. Amazingly he does it without moving the lips and only using the throat. It is so lifelike that even a real cat might take it for real. Another one astonishes people by reading out prices in perfect Japanese like "... yen, ... sen Nari ...", with perfect pronunciation, tone and accent which are no different than a native Japanese person. It never fails to impress the audience. |
| 時には「天高く月清く澄める夜などは、仰いで故国の空を打ち眺めつゝ三々五々手をひき合っては旅愁を慰むるらん、1人が手製の楽器にてスケッチマーチ又はダンスマーチを奏すれば、他は調子に連れて面白く踊り回っては歓声をあげて居る。」というようなこともあったということである。 | "Sometimes, when it is cloudless and the moon illuminates the clear night sky, they would come out of their barracks, look up the sky to let their thoughts wander to their fatherlands and console each other about being far away from home. Sometimes one of them would take out his hand-made musical instrument and start playing some dance march piece, and others would join in dancing merrily and applause at intervals. |
| 彼等の生活のもう1つの中心は礼拝であった。各棟ごとに礼拝堂は立派な神壇が飾られ、暇ある者はその前に跪きて熱心に拝んでいた。日曜にはキリストの聖像の前に集って讃美歌を歌ったという。ニコライ教会堂（お茶の水在）より祭司藤井氏が時々訪れている。また、彼等の信仰心があまり厚いので日本人が礼拝堂に入る時も必ず脱帽の敬礼をしたという。 | Another centerpiece of their daily life was worshipping. Each barrack had its own chapel fitted with a respectful alter. They devotedly find time to bend their knees in front of the altar. They gathered in front of the holy icon of Jesus Chirist and sang hymns every Sunday, reportedly. Mr. Fujii, a presbyter from Nicolai-do in Ochanomizu, visited them occasionally. Their devotion was so impressive to the eyes of Japanese that, when any Japanese person happen to enter one of their chapels, he invariably uncovered his head to show respect. |
| 人種のちがいは宗教面で極めて厳格に現われたようで、教会は各棟各区ごとに異にしたようである。ちなみに宗教別人数は露国正教13,236人、天主教（ポーランド人）1,215人、新教（ドイツ系ロシア人）94人、回教（タタール人）240人、ユダヤ教215人であった。 | The difference between races most vividly reflected on the matters of religion. The Churches that they belonged to were different from section to section, or even from barrack to barrack. Among all the Narashino prisoners, 13,236 belonged to Russian Orthodox Church, 1,215 to Catholic Church (Polish), 94 to Protestant Church (Russians of German origin), 240 to Islam (Tatar) and 215 to Judaism. |
| ロシア帝国の従属民族の差別支配はロシアの軍隊の中にも反映していて、その対立も激しいものがあったという。8月16日樺太捕虜が到着したとき、ロシア人は白金または金の指輪をはめ、服装も立派なものであったが、タタール人やポーランド人は冷遇され服装はみすぼらしく、見るも気の毒であったということである。 | The Russian Empire's control over and discrimination against subordinate races was reflected on the Russian Army, and there was an outright confrontation among races. On 16th August, Russian POWs from Sakhalin arrived at Narashino, and, what the Japanese people saw was that, native Russians were sporting platinum or gold rings and dressed in respectful attire, while Tatar and Polish people were dressed so miserably that they awakened pity among onlookers. |
| とくにユダヤ人への差別と、ユダヤ人との軋轢は大きく、7月中旬に大事件が起きている。その事情は次のようなことであった。ユダヤ人が警備係官から興行権を得て「日露戦争」という演劇を演じたのである。入場料はユダヤ人は無料、ロシア人は5銭、立見料3銭である。彼等は大喜びで上席はたちまち満席となり、木戸5銭のところ10銭も出しておしかけてくる者さえいた。ところがその内容が序幕早々ロシア軍が散々に敗北潰走するという見るも痛ましい場面ばかりであった。これはユダヤ人の本国での恨みや、収容所で多数の横暴を強いるロシア人への不満の現われであったらしい。ロシア人は憤怒に耐えず、皆退場してしまった。ところが消燈の後、深く寝静まった頃、1,000余人のロシア人が隔ての矢来を打破ってユダヤ人の区域に打ちこみをかけた。ユダヤ人の方も予期して構えていたらしく大乱闘になったのである。日本の警備隊は捕虜の反乱と思い込み、非常ラッパを鳴し実弾込みの110数挺の銃を空中に向けて発射し鎮めたという。深夜の出来事なので近辺の巡査も応援に来るなど、大へんな騒々しさであったという。 | Especially out-of-control among others was discrimination against and conflicts with Jewish people. This led to a major incident in mid July. The background was as follows: Some of the Jews got permission from the camp guard to put on a play titled "Russo-Japanese War". Admissions were free for Jews, 5 sen for Russians and 3 sen for standees. Everyone was delighted and the good seats were immediately sold out. Some prisoners even tried to squeeze in by paying double. However, the content of the play was something that native Russians couldn't stand to watch; The curtain was raised, and the play started with a scene in which the Russian army was terribly beat and miserably fleed the battlefield, followed by similar scenes one after another. Apparently, this play was a child of the grudges that the Jews had been holding against native Russians for what they did on Jews back home and in the camp. Fuming with rage, the entire native Russian audience left the theatre long before the play finished. And then night came, and lights were out. And, when the entier camp seemed to have fallen asleep peacefully, a thousand plus native Russians broke the bamboo fence to enter and attack the Jewish section. Apparently the Jewish side had expected this, and they immediately started to fight back, throwing themselves into a melee. The Japanese squadron of guards took it as a mutiny at first. They blew an alarm bugle, shot live ammunition into the air with 110 rifles, and eventually managed to simmer down the chaos. The incident occurred in the middle of the night, so the police officers stationed in the neighbourhood came round to help too. It was such a big turmoil, the report says. |
| 習志野収容所は将校のいない下士卒の集団である。軍隊の階級差が少ないということであり、本国での出身社会階級も農奴、労働者、小商人等の下層であったと考えられる。それでも貧富の差はあり、生活上の必要からも、彼等の間で商いや賃労働を行う者があった。酒保からタバコやみかんなどを割引してもらって仲間の集る所で露店を開く者があった。また、パン製造所で手伝いをして8銭づつの工賃を得たりする者もあった。さらに、仲間の不用品を集め、修繕したり、仕立てたりして売るせり市を行う者もあったという。 | The prisoners in the Narashino camp were a bunch of common soldiers and petty officers. There was no commissioned officer. This meant that there was little difference of military ranks among them. Presumably most of them were of such low social classes as serfs, laborers or small-sized merchants. In spit of this general classlessness, the difference between rich and poor was still present. Some were compelled to peddle or labor for living. Some bought tobacos or oranges with discount from the canteen and peddled them to other prisoners. Some labored at the bakery for a pay of 8 sen at a time. Some went as far as collecting disused articles from other prisoners, repairing and tailoring them as necessary, and holding auctions to sell them. |
| 収容所外からのロシア人の出入りも認められていたらしく、6月23日アメリカに帰化していたロシア人医師ニコライ・ラッセルが、捕虜中の主だった者を集め、悲壮痛切な口調で反ロシア政府の演説を次のようにやったという。 | Russians outside the camp were also allowed to visit and enter the camp. A Russian doctor Nikolai Russel, who had naturalized as a U.S. citizen on June 23rd, visited the camp, rounded up a bunch of major figures among the prisoners and made an anti-Russian government speech in a sorrowful and painful tone. The content of the speach was the following: |
| 「欧米諸国何れも人民の権利を尊重し、其参政権を認めつつあるに、独り我露国に在っては毫も之を尊重せざるのみか、却って人民を虐待するを常とする。今回の戦闘の如きも固より武断派の頑迷なるに基因したるものにして、露国国民の利害と何等の関係あるに非ず。諸君が剣をとって敵を駆逐せるは是祖国の為に尽力せしものにあらずして、頑迷者輩の欲望に供せられたるのみ。露国為政者にして尚反省するなからんか、異日芬蘭・波蘭・高加索等は各自独立の旗を翻し、西伯亜の野に列国の分割する所となるや必せり。故に諸君にして祖国将来の長計に想到せば、須らく此際、現政府を顛覆して立憲政体を創造せざるべからず云々。」 | "Every European country and the United States of America respect human rights and they are about to let people vote. On the other hand, our beloved Russian Empire alone, not only wouldn't give a damn to human rights, not a tiny bit, but rather continues to oppress people. The last war was an example of disaster caused by the stubbornness of the militant faction, and it wasn't anything that were planned to contribute to the prosperity of our people in the country at all. You took your sward and tried to defeat the enemy. What was it for? Did you risked your life for the sake of your beloved fatherland? No! You were just about to sacrifice yourself to the lust of these stubborn fools. The ruler of the Russian Empire does not seem to remorse anytime soon, which makes it highly probable that, in one of these days, Finland, Poland and the Caucasus will raise the flag for independence, and the Siberia will be divided among other countries. Therefore, when we think of the long-sighted future of our fatherland, the only path that you all should take from now on is to topple the current goverment and establish a constitutional government. That's the only way. Yes, it is." |
| 松山収容所でもイギリス・ドイツ・フランス・ロシアの社会主義者より、収容されていた捕虜のために「社会主義テキスト」の寄贈の照会があったというが、陸軍省はいかに敵国の兵士であっても、自国の政府に敵対するような観念の書籍の交付は徳義上なしえないとして返戻したという。（前掲『松山収容所』） | A Similar situation arose at the Matsuyama camp as well. Socialists from England, Germany, France and Russia wanted to donate textbooks of socialism for the inmates to read and learn. They inquired the Matsuyama camp authority for acceptance of the donation but the authority declined and rejected it, based on the reason that, the Army Ministry of Japan couldn't let go such an unvirtuous act as providing war prisoners with the kind of books that encourage them to turn their fire on their own country (from aforementioned "The Matsuyama camp"). |
| ニコライ・ラッセルの演説の影響か否か分らないが、帰国の際ポーランド人やユダヤ人の捕虜の一部は本国に帰ったらすぐにアメリカか日本に帰化するという決意を語っていたという。いずれにせよ、ロシア本国の革命前夜の空気が日本にいる捕虜たちにさえも伝わっていたということであろう。 | At the time of returning back home, some Polish and Jews confessed that they were determined to naturalize as Japanese or American as soon as they were back. Whether it was because of the speech of Nikolai Russel or not, one couldn't be sure. In any case, the sentiment of the eve of the Russian Revolution must have been fast spreading and have reached the POWs in Japan. |
| 捕虜たちは故国への通信を検閲のうえ認められていた。当初の4月6日時点で2,020名が手紙の発送を願い出ているが、その手紙の大部分は日本における待遇の良さと、生存に害なく、日本人よりシャツなどを贈られたことを書いていたという。 | Prisoners were allowed to communicate with their country on condition that their correspondences were subject to censorship. As of April 6th, 2,020 inmates wrote letters. The contents of their letters were mostly to tell how well they were being treated, how there was no worry about life and death, how some Japanese gave them shirts as presents, and so on. |
| しかし、彼等は収容所に満足し切っていたわけではなく、いくつかの事件を起している。 | However, it wasn't like all the prisoners were completely satisfied with the life in the camp. There were discontents, and there were a few incidents because of those discontents. |
| その1つは、ある日、日本の衛兵が捕虜に炊事を命じたところ、今日はロシアの祭日なのでいやだというので、捕虜の身でありながら勝手すぎる、命令に服せよ、と両者が言い争っているうちに捕虜たちは多数をたのんで騒ぎ出したので、衛兵は抜剣し、3人の捕虜に負傷させたものである。その他、脱走を計った事件もあったらしいが、具体的には記事を探し出せなかった。1905年4月末の時点では厳刑に処せられたものは1人もなく、犯則者2名が営倉数日に処せられただけだったという。 | One of such incidents was as follows: One day, one of the Japanese guards tried to assign a prisoner to the day's kitchen duty. However, that prisoner refused to comply because that day happened to fall on a Russian holiday. The guard got furious, saying "Hey, you should know where you stand. You are a war prisoner. Stop being selfish and obey the order." The two entered into an argument. In the meantime, other prisoners gathered around the two. Finding safety in number, They started to rant, to which the Japanese guard responded by drawing his sward and injuring three of the prisoners. In another incident, they say there was an attempt to escape, which cannot be confirmed because no article about it have been found. As of April 1905, no prisoner was put to any kind of severe punishment. The only known instance of punishment was that a couple of prisoners were put in the brig for violation of some rules. |
| もう1つの大きな事件は、1905年9月5日のポーツマス講和条約の国内での騒乱に付随したものである。この講和条約に対する国民の不満は日露戦争の国内矛盾の爆発として現われ、日比谷焼打事件となったのであるが、9月7日には千葉県内にも波及してきている。千葉市内での講和反対大演説会でも会場立錐の余地のない程の参加者があったという。その日、千葉裁判所が焼打ちされ、千葉警察署が放火されている。当時の新聞は「恐怖の町」という見出しで市内の騒乱の状況を伝えている。 | Signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth on 5th September, 1905, caused a national commotion which led to a series of events of mayhem. Frustration had been accumulating among the Japanese public during the Russo-Japanese War, and the dissatisfaction with the Treaty triggered that frustration to explode. First, Hibiya Incendiary Incident happened. Then the wave of turmoil had rippled on into the center of Chiba Prefecture by 7th September. A major speech meeting aiming to condemn the Treaty was held in Ciba city, which was jam-packed with audience. Within that same day, the Chiba Court building came under incendiary attack and the Chiba Police Headquarters was arsoned. The state of the city was reported in a newspaper article under the leading "The City of Terror". |
| 収容所では9月27日、1人の衛兵が捕虜の中に公安を害する挙動をとる者があったので制止しようとしたところ抵抗するので詰所に連行した。それを伝え聞いた捕虜たちが1,000人以上大挙して、連行された捕虜を取戻そうと衛兵所を襲ったというのである。第六中隊が隊任を備えて制止したれどもついに大騒乱となり数名の負傷者を出したのである。その委細については報道した記事がみつからず、それ以上は分らない。 | At the camp, on 27th September, one of the guards found a behavior of a prisoner as a threat to the public safety, and the guard tried to stop him. But the prisoner resisted, so the guard took him to one of the guard stations. The word got around among the prisoners, and more than a thousand of them gathered around and attacked the station in an attempt to free the detained prisoner. The Sixth Company was fielded in response, and they tried to pursuade the mob to back off. However, the situation eventually developed into a major mayhem, and a few were injured. No further detail about this incident is not available because I could not find the article that reported it. |
（和文出典: http://www.city.narashino.lg.jp/konnamachi/bunkahistory/rekishi/nichiro/5.html 捕虜の生活）